Mortgage rates have been edging lower this month, but the lowest rates remain above 4 per cent for the time being.
In December, a number of major high street banks have reduced fixed rates, including Barclays, NatWest and Santander.
Market expectations about how quickly and low interest rates will fall in future have shifted around of late – and this is having a direct impact on fixed rate mortgage pricing.
In the topsy turvy market, this comes at the same time as the Bank of England base rate cuts led banks and building societies to cut standard variable rates.
> Major British banks cut mortgage rates after base rate falls – but experts warn on future fixed deals
We explain what’s happening to mortgage rates, where they are forecast to head next and what to consider if you need to fix soon.
> Best mortgage rates calculator: Check the deals you could apply for
Mortgage rates: what is happening
Interest rates have fallen by 0.5 percentage points since August, down from a high of 5.25 per cent to 4.75 per cent in November.
Between the start of July and October, the lowest five-year fixed rate mortgage fell from 4.28 per cent to 3.68 per cent. Meanwhile, the lowest two-year fix fell from 4.68 per cent to 3.84 per cent.
But the lowest rates are now higher at 4.09 per cent and 4.21 per cent, respectively, as rates have crept higher again with all of the best sub-4 per cent deals disappearing.
Nonetheless, mortgage rates remain well below their recent peak.
In 2023, a combination of base rate hikes and worries over inflation figures saw average two-year fixed mortgage rates reach a high of 6.86 per cent in the summer, according to Moneyfacts, while five-year fixed rates hit 6.35 per cent.
That said, mortgage rates still remain far higher than borrowers had enjoyed prior to the surge in 2022.
Less than three years ago, the averages were hovering around 2.5 per cent for a five-year fix and 2.25 per cent for a two-year.
In fact, as recently as October 2021, some of the lowest mortgage rates were under 1 per cent.
Will mortgage rates go down?
Mortgage borrowers on fixed rate deals should worry less about where the base rate is today, and more about where markets think it will go in the future.
This is because banks tend to pre-empt base rate movements. Lenders change their fixed mortgage rates on the back of predictions about how high or low the base rate will ultimately go and how long it will stick there.
Last year, forecasts for where the base rate would eventually peak fell from a high of 6.5 per cent to 5.25 per cent, mortgage rates shifted with this.
At the start of this year, markets were pricing in six or seven base rate cuts in 2024, with investors betting on rates falling to 3.75 per cent or 3.5 per cent by Christmas this year.
They have since rowed back on this. Investors are now forecasting that there will only be three or four interest rate cuts between now and the end of 2025, to either 4 per cent or 3.75 per cent.
Mortgage pricing: a rough guide
Mortgage market expectations are reflected in something known as Sonia swap rates.
These are agreements in which two counterparties, for example banks, agree to exchange a stream of future fixed interest payments for a stream of future variable payments.
Mortgage lenders enter into these agreements to shield themselves against the interest rate risk involved with lending fixed rate mortgages over a period of time.
For example, if a bank lends a mortgage fixed for five years, it wants to have some certainty on what it will cost to fund that over the time period, rather than being dependent on shifting interest rates and potentially being caught out by big unexpected moves.
Put simply, swap rates show what financial institutions think the future holds concerning interest rates.
As of 11 December five-year swaps were at 3.79 per cent and two-year swaps were at 4.06 per cent – both trending well below the current base rate.
This is also a lot lower than it was during the summer of 2023 when five-year swaps were above 5 per cent and two-year swaps were coming in at around 6 per cent.
This highlights quite how much interest rate expectations can shift around and how unreliable forecasts can be.
Why did mortgage rates go up?
Mortgage rates first began to increase towards the end of 2021, when inflation started to rise, resulting in the Bank of England increasing base rate to try and combat it.
The Bank uses the base rate to try to keep inflation to its 2 per cent target. The aftermath of the Covid lockdowns, combined with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, triggered a huge inflation spike. Central banks were caught on the hop and rushed to try to rein this in with higher interest rates.
Mortgage rates accelerated after the Liz Truss-Kwasi Kwarteng mini-Budget in late September 2022. The pound tumbled after Kwarteng, announced a wave of unfunded tax cuts that unsettled bond markets.
After Truss resigned in October 2022, new Chancellor Jeremy Hunt reversed nearly all of the mini-Budget announcements. The markets calmed down and the cost of borrowing fell with mortgage rates dropping too.
But following a fresh round of stubbornly high inflation figures in late spring 2023, markets began betting the base rate would peak at 6.5 per cent.
This triggered a summer inflation panic and led to mortgage lenders whacking their rates up again.
Inflation spiked to 2.3 per cent in October as fears grow over the impact of the Budget and global trade tensions
Once the inflation worries subsided, interest rate expectations eased substantially but inflation proved stickier than expected in 2024 and the Bank of England ended up holding base rate at 5.25 per cent.
With inflation finally returning to its 2 per cent target, the Bank finally felt comfortable cutting rates to 5 per cent at its August 2024 meeting.
Base rate was cut again to 4.75 per cent by a vote of 8 to 1 at the November Monetary Policy Committee meeting.
The ONS has since revealed that inflation rose to 2.3 per cent in the 12 months to September, above what markets were forecasting.
Most economists and personal finance experts think the Bank of England will proceed cautiously from here.
> Five crucial Bank of England charts on interest rates and inflation
What will happen to house prices?
House prices rose for the fifth month in a row in November, according to the latest figures from Halifax.
The mortgage lender recorded the biggest monthly increase of the year in November with average prices rising 1.4 per cent.
Annually, house prices are up 4.8 per cent – or £14,468 – the strongest level since November 2022.
It means that house prices have hit a new record high with the typical home now costing £298,083, according to Halifax compared to £283,615 in November 2023.
Amanda Bryden, head of mortgages at Halifax, says the increase is down to greater demand, which is being driven by rising wages and the expectation of future interest rate cuts.
Record highs: The average home value is now within a whisker of £300,000, according to Halifax
‘Latest figures continue to show improving levels of demand for mortgages, as an easing in mortgage rates boost buyer confidence,’ said Bryden.
‘However, despite these positive trends, many potential buyers and movers still face significant affordability challenges and buyer confidence may be tested against a changeable economic backdrop.
‘As we move towards the end of the year and into 2025, positive employment figures and anticipated decreases in interest rates are expected to continue supporting demand.
‘This should underpin further house price growth, albeit at a modest pace as borrowing costs remain above the average of a few years ago.’
Halifax’s figures present a more positive picture than that of Nationwide Building Society and Zoopla.
On a year-on-year basis, Nationwide said that house prices were up 3.7 per cent. However, it also said that prices remain 1 per cent below the all-time peak recorded in summer 2022 before interest rates began heading upwards.
What next for interest rates?
Starting in December 2021, the Bank of England attempted to combat rising inflation by aggressively upping interest rates. In the space of just 20 months, base rate went from its record low of 0.1 per cent to its recent peak of 5.25 per cent, reached in August 2023.
At that point rate hikes stalled and gradually sentiment on inflation shifted.
Now the central bank is keeping a keen eye on inflation, but also looking out for any disinflationary factors, such as an uptick in unemployment or downturn in economic growth.
As is to be expected, interest rate forecasts vary.
The most bullish forecasters on rate cuts have base rate coming down to as low as 2.75 per cent by the end of 2025, with Goldman Sachs analysts announcing this rate forecast recently.
Goldman’s prognosis would mean a quarter point interest rate cut at all nine meetings of the Bank’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) from November 2024 to November 2025.
At the more reserved end of the spectrum, Santander recently revealed it expects interest rates to fall to 3.75 per cent by the end of next year.
Meanwhile, economists at Capital Economics think the base rate will fall to 3.5 per cent by early 2026.
They had previously forecast that interest rates would fall to 3 per cent by the end of next year, but have concluded that rates will now fall slower as a result of the Labour’s first budget.
New forecast: Capital Economics (CE) has changed its interest rate forecast because it now thinks the Bank of England will cut rates more slowly as a result of the budget
Paul Dales chief economist at Capital Economics said: ‘We already thought that the Bank’s inflation concerns would mean it continues to cut rates by 25basis points every quarter until mid-2025.
‘But in the light of the Budget, we have revised up our own GDP and core inflation forecasts.
‘And as a result, we no longer think the pace of rate cuts will quicken in the second half of 2025 and we now think rates will fall only as far as 3.5 per cent in early 2026 rather than to 3 per cent.’
Looking even further ahead than late 2025 and early 2026, economists vary on where they think interest rates will level off.
Santander, for example, thinks interest rates will remain between 3 per cent and 4 per cent for the foreseeable future.
Capital Economics is predicting that base rate will eventually level off at 3 per cent.
Oxford Economics is predicting that base rate will eventually fall to 2 per cent in 2027 where it will broadly remain throughout 2028 and 2029.
Should you fix for two or five years?
The majority of mortgage borrowers are opting for two-year fixed rate deals, according to recent analysis by Santander.
In October, the bank said 60 per cent of customers were choosing two-year fixes at present in the hope interest rates will be lower when they come to remortgage in two years’ time.
Less than a quarter of its customers are opting for five-year fixed rate products, even though they are currently cheaper. The remainder are mostly choosing fixes lasting three or ten years, or trackers.
This represents a big shift, given that in recent years, Santander says its customers have tended to show a 60/40 split in favour of five-year fixes.
Hedging their bets: Some borrowers are opting for two-year fixed rate deals in the hope that interest rates will have fallen by the time they come to refinance
Choosing what length to fix for depends on what you think may happen to interest rates but should importantly take more account of what your personal circumstances are.
Key factors include whether you may move soon, how much you prefer the security of fixed payments for longer and how well you could cope with a rise in mortgage bills.
Fixed rates of any length offer borrowers certainty over what their payments will be from month-to-month.
Those opting for a shorter two-year fix are backing interest rates falling over the next couple of years, or at least staying steady, so that when it is time to remortgage their bills won’t rise.
With five-year fixes borrowers are locking in to rates that they know won’t change for longer, perhaps either because they believe rates may rise or because they prefer the security. Five-year fixes were hugely popular when rates were lower.
If rates continue to fall, a tracker mortgage without an early repayment charge could put borrowers in a position to take advantage.
However, for all the potential benefit, a tracker product will also leave people vulnerable to further base rate hikes in the meantime while also being more expensive than fixed rates at present.
Whatever the right type of mortgage for your circumstances, shopping around and speaking to a good mortgage broker is a wise move.
For a full rate check use This is Money’s mortgage finder service and best buy tables. These are supplied by our independent broker partner London & Country.
What are the best mortgage rates?
We have taken a look at the best deals on the market based on a 25-year mortgage for a £290,000 property – the current UK average house price according to the ONS.
The mortgage deals below are best in terms of having the lowest rate. They may not be the cheapest deal overall when arrangement fees are also factored in.
Bigger deposit mortgages
Five-year fixed rate mortgages
NatWest has a five-year fixed rate at 4.1 per cent with a £1,495 fee at 60 per cent loan to value.
Barclays has a five-year fixed rate at 4.11 per cent with £899 fees at 60 per cent loan to value.
Two-year fixed rate mortgages
Santander has a 4.21 per cent two-year fixed rate deal with a £749 fee at 60 per cent loan-to-value.
Nationwide BS has a two-year fixed rate at 4.22 per cent with a £999 fee at 60 per cent loan to value.
Mid-range deposit mortgages
Five-year fixed rate mortgages
NatWest has a five-year fixed rate at 4.21 per cent with a £1,495 fee at 75 per cent loan to value.
Halifax has a five-year fixed rate at 4.24 per cent with a £1,099 fee at 75 per cent loan to value.
Two-year fixed rate mortgages
Santander has a two-year fixed rate at 4.29 per cent with a £749 fee at 75 per cent loan-to-value.
MPowered Mortgages has a two-year fixed rate at 4.36 per cent with a £999 fee at 75 per cent loan to value.
Low-deposit mortgages
Five-year fixed rate mortgages
Nationwide Building Society has a five-year fixed rate at 4.64 per cent with £999 fees at 90 per cent loan to value.
Virgin Money has a five-year fixed rate at 4.73 per cent with £883 fees at 90 per cent loan to value.
Two-year fixed rate mortgages
Coventry Building Society has a two-year fixed rate at 4.99 per cent with a £999 fee at 90 per cent loan to value.
Nationwide Building Society has a two-year fixed rate at 5.04 per cent with £499 fees at 90 per cent loan to value.
>> Check our our mortgage tracker to compare the latest available deals
Tracker and discount rate mortgages
The big advantage to a tracker mortgage is flexibility. The downside is they are currently more expensive, so it will take a few more interest rate cuts before borrowers starting beating the fixed rate deals.
The can sometimes be the case with discount rate mortgages, which track a certain level below the lenders’ standard variable rate.
A fixed-rate mortgage will almost inevitably carry early repayment charges, meaning you will be limited as to how much you can overpay, or face potentially thousands of pounds in fees if you opt to leave before the initial deal period is up.
You should be able to take a fixed mortgage with you if you move, as most are portable, but there is no guarantee your new property will be eligible or you may even have a gap between ownership.
Many tracker deals have no early repayment charges, which means you can up sticks whenever you want – and that suits some people.
Make sure you stress test yourself against a sharper rise in base rate than is forecast.
Compare true mortgage costs
Work out mortgage costs and check what the real best deal taking into account rates and fees. You can either use one part to work out a single mortgage costs, or both to compare loans
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